[TOC]
1.课程概述
语法: Grammar, rules, patterns
1.1 语法的几要素
- 词法：morphology
- 句法：syntax
- 语用学：pragmatics
- 语义学：sematics
1.2 学习方法
- 语法规则
- 借助母语，对比参考，first language
- 术语
- development：语言历史，拉丁语/希腊语等。对比中文的文言文
- variation：地区不同，British English，American English，Canada English，aave
2.名词
noun
名词内容：
- 人
- 物体
- 地点
- 抽象概念：快乐，
2.1名词
常见名词后缀, suffix
er: teach –> teacher
or: educate –> educator
ist: art –> artist
ion: educate –> education action
ment: improve –> improvement movement
ness: happy –> happiness loneliness
ce: important –> importance differance
名词分类：
- 普通名词：common
- concrete/ abstract
- countable/ uncountable
- 专有名词：proper，首字母一定大写，无论位置。
- 名称，具体的人，地点
- 月份，星期
- 节日
| countable | uncountable | |
|---|---|---|
| 裸奔 | I have milk. | |
| a/an/ s | I have a cat. | |
| some/any | some/ any cats. | some/any milk. |
| 一些 | a few cats. | a little milk. |
| 许多 | a lot of cats. | a lot of milk. |
| 许多 | many cats. | much milk. |
| Common | Proper | |
|---|---|---|
| person | Alex | |
| city | Paris | |
| book | One Day | |
| holiday | Christmas | |
uncountable nouns 度量方式: 量词
| example | ||
|---|---|---|
| 液体 | glass, cup, bottle, drop | |
| 一条、一篇 | a piece of | a piece of news/ paper/furniture/music |
| a slice of | a slice of bread/meat | |
| 长条形 | a loaf | |
2.2 可数or不可数
uncoutable
- 抽象概念
- 泛指，总称
- 整体，不能分割： 水
- 学科名词： math
I’m looking for (a job/ work).
That’s (a good suggestion/ good advice) .
???
We may say we hate Mondays, but research suggests Tuesdays, Wednessdays and Thursdays are equally loathed.
horrible historys.
可数、不可数转换
countable nouns <–> uncountable
- 一次多义
- Tish is an empty room. （房间）
- There is room for discussion. （空间）
- I have a wonderful experiance in Landon.
- I have a lot of experience in teaching.
- I need to write a term paper.
- I wrote it on a piece of paper.
- 种类
- wather： 水，一片水域
- fish：一种鱼
- people： 一个种族
- 抽象名词具体化：
- histories：具体历史事件
- success：a huge success. 一次巨大的成功
- time: have a good time.
- 专有名词泛化
- 上面的 Mondays
- Alexs，所有叫Alex的人们
2.3 可数名词的数
英语中很强调单复数的概念
- singular： 单数
- plural： 复数
常见可数名词的复数
- s, sh, ch, x, es
-
不规则情况：
辅音+y：baby-> babies, lady -> ladies.
-o:
- +es: Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, mangoes (黑人英雄爱吃土豆，番茄和芒果)
- +s: photos, pianos
- +s/+es: zeros/zeroes
-f/fe:
- f->v，+es: 见下表
- +s: roofs, beliefs
leaf thief wife shelf knife wolf half life leaves thieves wives shelves knieves wolves halves lives 树叶落下时， 小偷的 妻子 用架子上的 刀 夺去了狼的 半条 命 彻底不规则
- child: children
- ox: oxes
Mutant plurals: 变种复数
- foot: feet
- tooth: teeth
- goose: geese
- mouse: mice
- man/woman: men,women
- louse: lice (虱子)
2.4 单数or复数
单复数分不清：
- Ronny caught three fish this afternoon.
- People are very worried about this problem.
- Art is a means of expression.
2.4.1 单复数同行：
- fish, sheep, deer,
- Chinese, Janpanese, Swiss, British
- yuan. vs dollers
2.4.2 集体名词：表示复数的概念
- People , Police, audience
- 表示单个：a person/ a police officer/
2.4.3 像复数的的单数名词：
- means, series, species
- news
- 学科名词： maths, politics, physics
- 名称：国家名、书名
- The United States is a big country.
- The Arabian Nights is my favorite book.
- 时间，举例，钱数
- Five years is a long time.
2.4.4 二合一物品
shoes, glasses,
双数：眼镜、裤子、鞋子、袜子、剪刀
单数表示: a pair of , 表示一双xx
2.4.5 永远是复数
closthes, goods, savings, earnings
2.4.6 单复数词义不同
| arm | 手臂 | arms | 武器 |
| custom | 习俗 | customs | 海关 |
| spirit | 精神 | spirits | 烈酒 |
| line | 行 | lines | 台词 |
| heart | 心脏 | hearts | 红桃（扑克牌） |
2.5 名词作定语和所有格
2.5.1 名词作定语
- 做单数
- paper money 材料
- a coffee cup 用途
- dog food 类别
- summer holidays 时间
- kitchen windows 地点
- a story book 内容
- 做复数
- man/woman: a woman writer, two women writers
- sports meeting
- goods train / clothes shop
- customs paper
名词作定语 vs 同根形容词
a gold watch / a golden watch
health codition / healthy children
2.5.2 所有格
所有格：'s, 多用在生命体上
for example:
- the girl’s bag
- the firls’ bag
- Tina and Mary’s room.
- Tina’s and Mary’s rooms.
名词作定语 vs 所有格
I’m Carol’s ex-husband’s sister’s roomate.
我是卡罗尔前夫妹妹的室友。
dog food / this dog’s food
a student teacher / this student’s teacher
所有格： of
- 无生命体：the legs of the table
- 生命体：
- the photo of Mary
- Mary’s photo
3.动词 verbs
3.1 行为动词 Action verbs